Preface to the Fourth Edition

Acknowledgements

General Introduction

To the Reader

To the Lecturer

Accompanying Resources

About the Authors of the Tutorials

Part A: Metals

Chapter 1. Metals

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Metals for a Model Steam Engine

1.3 Metals for Drinks Cans

1.4 Metals for Hip Joints

1.5 Data for Metals

Chapter 2. Metal Structures

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Crystal and Glass Structures

2.3 Structures of Solutions and Compounds

2.4 Phases

2.5 Grain and Phase Boundaries

2.6 Shapes of Grains and Phases

2.7 Summary—Constitution and Structure

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Chapter 3. Phase Diagrams 1

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Source Books

3.3 Components, Phases, and Structures

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3.4 One- and Two-Component Systems

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3.5 Solutions to Examples

Chapter 4. Phase Diagrams 2

4.1 Eutectics, Eutectoids, and Peritectics

4.2 Test Examples

4.3 Solutions to Examples

Chapter 5. Case Studies in Phase Diagrams

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Choosing Soft Solders

5.3 Pure Silicon for Microchips

5.4 Making Bubble-Free Ice

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Chapter 6. Driving Force for Structural Change

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Driving Forces

6.3 Reversibility

6.4 Stability, Instability, and Metastability

6.5 Driving Force for Solidification

6.6 Solid-State Phase Changes

6.7 Precipitate Coarsening

6.8 Grain Growth

6.9 Recrystallization

6.10 Sizes of Driving Forces

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Chapter 7. Kinetics 1—Diffusive Transformations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Solidification

7.3 Heat-Flow Effects

7.4 Solid-State Phase Changes

7.5 Diffusion-Controlled Kinetics

7.6 Shapes of Grains and Phases

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Chapter 8. Kinetics 2—Nucleation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nucleation in Liquids

8.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation

8.4 Nucleation in Solids

8.5 Summary

8.6 Nucleation Everywhere

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Chapter 9. Kinetics 3—Displacive Transformations

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Diffusive F.C.C. to B.C.C. Transformation in Pure Iron

9.3 Time–Temperature–Transformation Diagram

9.4 Displacive F.C.C. to B.C.C. Transformation

9.5 Details of Martensite Formation

9.6 Martensite Transformation in Steels

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Chapter 10. Case Studies in Phase Transformations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Making Rain

10.3 Fine-Grained Castings

10.4 Single Crystals for Semiconductors

10.5 Amorphous Metals

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Chapter 11. Light Alloys

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Solid Solution Hardening

11.3 Age (Precipitation) Hardening

11.4 Work Hardening

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Chapter 12. Steels 1—Carbon Steels

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Microstructures After Slow Cooling (Normalizing)

12.3 Mechanical Properties of Normalized Steels

12.4 Quenched-and-Tempered Steels

12.5 Notes on the TTT Diagram

Chapter 13. Steels 2—Alloy Steels

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Hardenability

13.3 Solution Hardening

13.4 Precipitation Hardening

13.5 Corrosion Resistance

13.6 Stainless Steels

13.7 Phases in Stainless Steels

13.8 Improving Stainless Steels

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Chapter 14. Case Studies in Steels

14.1 Detective Work After a Boiler Explosion

14.2 Welding Steels Safely

14.3 The Case of the Broken Hammer

Chapter 15. Processing Metals 1

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Casting

15.3 Deformation Processing

15.4 Recrystallization

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Chapter 16. Processing Metals 2

16.1 Machining

16.2 Joining

16.3 Heat Treating

16.4 Special Topics

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Part B: Ceramics

Chapter 17. Ceramics

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Generic Ceramics

17.3 Ceramic Composites

17.4 Data for Ceramics

Chapter 18. Ceramic Structures

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Ionic and Covalent Ceramics

18.3 Simple Ionic Ceramics

18.4 Simple Covalent Ceramics

18.5 Silica and Silicates

18.6 Silicate Glasses

18.7 Ceramic Alloys

18.8 Microstructures of Ceramics

18.9 Vitreous Ceramics

18.10 Stone and Rock

18.11 Ceramic Composites

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Chapter 19. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Elastic Moduli

19.3 Strength, Hardness, and Lattice Resistance

19.4 Fracture Strength of Ceramics

19.5 Modulus of Rupture

19.6 Compression Test

19.7 Thermal Shock Resistance

19.8 Time Dependence of Strength

19.9 Creep of Ceramics

Chapter 20. Processing Ceramics

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Production of Engineering Ceramics

20.3 Forming Engineering Ceramics

20.4 Production and Forming of Glass

20.5 Processing Pottery, Porcelain, and Brick

20.6 Improving Ceramics

20.7 Joining Ceramics

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Chapter 21. Cement and Concrete

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Chemistry of Cement

21.3 Structure of Portland Cement

21.4 Concrete

21.5 Strength of Cement and Concrete

21.6 High-Strength Cement

21.7 Reinforcing Cement and Concrete

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Chapter 22. Case Studies in Ceramics

22.1 Hard as Flint

22.2 Slate—Natural Roofing Material

22.3 Glass Roof Beams

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Part C: Polymers

Chapter 23. Polymers

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Generic Polymers

23.3 Material Data

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Chapter 24. Polymer Structures

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Molecular Length

24.3 Molecular Architecture

24.4 Molecular Packing and Glass Transition

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Chapter 25. Mechanical Properties of Polymers

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Stiffness—Time and Temperature Dependent Modulus

25.3 Strength—Cold Drawing and Crazing

Chapter 26. Processing Polymers

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Polymer Synthesis

26.3 Polymer Alloys

26.4 Forming Polymers

26.5 Joining Polymers

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Chapter 27. Case Studies in Polymers

27.1 Fatal Bungee Jumping Accident

27.2 Polyethylene Gas Pipes

27.3 Ultrastrong Fibers for Yacht Rigging

Part D: Composites

Chapter 28. Properties of Composites and Foams

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Fiber Composites

28.3 Modulus

28.4 Tensile Strength

28.5 Toughness

28.6 Foams and Cellular solids

28.7 Properties of Foams

28.8 Materials that are Engineered

Chapter 29. Wood Structure and Properties

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Structure of Wood

29.3 Mechanical Properties of Wood

29.4 Elasticity

29.5 Tensile and Compressive Strength

29.6 Toughness

29.7 Wood Compared to Other Materials

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Chapter 30. Case Studies in Composites

30.1 Materials for Violin Bodies

30.2 Failure of a GFRP Surgical Instrument

30.3 Cork—A Unique Natural Foam

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Appendix. Symbols and Formulae

List of Principal Symbols

Summary of Principal Formulae

References

Index