Preface

Acknowledgement

About the authors

Chapter 1. Atoms and Atomic Arrangements

1.1 The free atom

1.2 The periodic table

1.3 Interatomic bonding in materials

1.4 Bonding and energy levels

1.5 Crystal lattices and structures

1.6 Crystal directions and planes

1.7 Stereographic projection

1.8 Selected crystal structures

1.9 Imperfections in crystals

Further reading

Chapter 2. Phase Diagrams and Alloy Theory

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The concept of a phase

2.3 The Phase Rule

2.4 Stability of phases

2.5 The mechanism of phase changes

2.6 Two-phase equilibria

2.7 Three-phase equilibria and reactions

2.8 Intermediate phases

2.9 Limitations of phase diagrams

2.10 Some key phase diagrams

2.11 Ternary phase diagrams

2.12 Principles of alloy theory

Further reading

Chapter 3. Solidification

3.1 Crystallization from the melt

3.2 Continuous growth

3.3 Lateral growth

3.4 Dendritic growth

3.5 Forms of cast structure

3.6 Gas porosity

3.7 Segregation

3.8 Directional solidification

3.9 Production of metallic single crystals for research

3.10 Coring

3.11 Cellular microsegregation

3.12 Zone refining

3.13 Eutectic solidification

3.14 Continuous casting

3.15 Fusion welding

3.16 Metallic glasses

3.17 Rapid solidification processing

Further reading

Chapter 4. Introduction to Dislocations

4.1 Concept of a dislocation

4.2 Strain energy associated with dislocations

4.3 Dislocations in ionic structures

4.4 Extended dislocations and stacking faults in close-packed crystals

4.5 Sessile dislocations

4.6 Dislocation vector diagrams

4.7 Dislocations and stacking faults in cph structures

4.8 Dislocations and stacking faults in bcc structures

4.9 Dislocations and stacking faults in ordered structures

Further reading

Chapter 5. Characterization and Analysis

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Light microscopy

5.3 X-ray diffraction analysis

5.4 Analytical electron microscopy

5.5 Observation of defects

5.6 Specialized bombardment techniques

5.7 Scanning probe microscopy

5.8 Thermal analysis

Further reading

Chapter 6. Point Defect Behaviour

6.1 Point defects in metals (vacancies and interstitials)

6.2 Interstitial formation and nuclear irradiation

6.3 Point defects in non-metallic crystals

6.4 Point defect concentration and annealing

6.5 Clustered vacancy defects (dislocation loops, tetrahedra, voids)

6.6 Irradiation and voiding

6.7 Stability of defects

6.8 Nuclear irradiation effects

Further reading

Chapter 7. Diffusion

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Diffusion laws

7.3 Temperature dependence of diffusion

7.4 Other diffusion situations

7.5 Microscopic aspects of diffusion

7.6 Rapid diffusion paths

7.7 Anelasticity and internal friction

Further reading

Chapter 8. Physical Properties

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Density

8.3 Thermal properties

8.4 Order–disorder and properties

8.5 Electrical properties

8.6 Magnetic properties

Further reading

Chapter 9. Plastic Deformation and Dislocation Behaviour

9.1 Mechanical testing procedures

9.2 Elastic deformation

9.3 Plastic deformation

9.4 Dislocation behaviour during plastic deformation

9.5 Mechanical twinning

9.6 Atomistic modelling of mechanical behaviour

Further reading

Chapter 10. Surfaces, Grain Boundaries and Interfaces

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Coherency and incoherency

10.3 Surface energy

10.4 Measurement of surface energy

10.5 Anisotropy of surface energy

10.6 Grain boundaries and interfaces

10.7 Development of preferred orientation

10.8 Deformation textures

10.9 Texture hardening

10.10 Influence of grain boundaries on plasticity

10.11 Superplasticity

10.12 Very small grain size

Further reading

Chapter 11. Work Hardening and Annealing

11.1 Theoretical treatment – Taylor model

11.2 Work hardening of single crystals

11.3 Work hardening in polycrystals

11.4 Dispersion-hardened alloys

11.5 Work hardening in ordered alloys

11.6 Annealing

11.7 Recrystallization textures

Further reading

Chapter 12. Steel Transformations

12.1 Iron–carbon system

12.2 Basic heat treatment operations

12.3 Time–temperature transformation diagrams

12.4 Austenite–pearlite transformation

12.5 Austenite–martensite transformation

12.6 Austenite–bainite transformation

12.7 Tempering of martensite

12.8 Secondary hardening

12.9 Continuous cooling transformation diagrams

12.10 Thermo-mechanical treatments

12.11 Thermoelastic martensite

Further reading

Chapter 13. Precipitation Hardening

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution

13.3 Precipitation hardening of Al–Ag alloys

13.4 Mechanisms of precipitation hardening

13.5 Hardening mechanisms in Al–Cu alloys

13.6 Vacancies and precipitation

13.7 Duplex ageing

13.8 Particle coarsening

13.9 Spinodal decomposition

Further reading

Chapter 14. Selected Alloys

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Commercial steels

14.3 Cast irons

14.4 Superalloys

14.5 Titanium alloys

14.6 Structural intermetallic compounds

14.7 Aluminium alloys

14.8 Copper and copper alloys

Further reading

Chapter 15. Creep, Fatigue and Fracture

15.1 Creep

15.2 Metallic fatigue

15.3 Voiding and fracture

15.4 Fracture and toughness

15.5 Ductile–brittle transition

15.6 Factors affecting brittleness of steels

15.7 Hydrogen embrittlement of steels

15.8 Intergranular fracture

15.9 Fracture mechanism maps

15.10 Crack growth under fatigue conditions

Further reading

Chapter 16. Oxidation, Corrosion and Surface Engineering

16.1 Surfaces and environment

16.2 Oxidation

16.3 Aqueous corrosion

16.4 Surface engineering

16.5 Thermal barrier coatings

16.6 Diamond-like carbon

16.7 Duplex surface engineering

Further reading

Numerical Answers to Problems

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Appendix 1

SI units

Appendix 2

Conversion factors, constants and physical data

Appendix 3

Electron quantum numbers

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

Appendix 7

Electron tunnelling

Index