Preface
Acknowledgement
About the authors
Chapter 1. Atoms and Atomic Arrangements
1.1 The free atom
1.2 The periodic table
1.3 Interatomic bonding in materials
1.4 Bonding and energy levels
1.5 Crystal lattices and structures
1.6 Crystal directions and planes
1.7 Stereographic projection
1.8 Selected crystal structures
1.9 Imperfections in crystals
Further reading
Chapter 2. Phase Diagrams and Alloy Theory
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The concept of a phase
2.3 The Phase Rule
2.4 Stability of phases
2.5 The mechanism of phase changes
2.6 Two-phase equilibria
2.7 Three-phase equilibria and reactions
2.8 Intermediate phases
2.9 Limitations of phase diagrams
2.10 Some key phase diagrams
2.11 Ternary phase diagrams
2.12 Principles of alloy theory
Further reading
Chapter 3. Solidification
3.1 Crystallization from the melt
3.2 Continuous growth
3.3 Lateral growth
3.4 Dendritic growth
3.5 Forms of cast structure
3.6 Gas porosity
3.7 Segregation
3.8 Directional solidification
3.9 Production of metallic single crystals for research
3.10 Coring
3.11 Cellular microsegregation
3.12 Zone refining
3.13 Eutectic solidification
3.14 Continuous casting
3.15 Fusion welding
3.16 Metallic glasses
3.17 Rapid solidification processing
Further reading
Chapter 4. Introduction to Dislocations
4.1 Concept of a dislocation
4.2 Strain energy associated with dislocations
4.3 Dislocations in ionic structures
4.4 Extended dislocations and stacking faults in close-packed crystals
4.5 Sessile dislocations
4.6 Dislocation vector diagrams
4.7 Dislocations and stacking faults in cph structures
4.8 Dislocations and stacking faults in bcc structures
4.9 Dislocations and stacking faults in ordered structures
Further reading
Chapter 5. Characterization and Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Light microscopy
5.3 X-ray diffraction analysis
5.4 Analytical electron microscopy
5.5 Observation of defects
5.6 Specialized bombardment techniques
5.7 Scanning probe microscopy
5.8 Thermal analysis
Further reading
Chapter 6. Point Defect Behaviour
6.1 Point defects in metals (vacancies and interstitials)
6.2 Interstitial formation and nuclear irradiation
6.3 Point defects in non-metallic crystals
6.4 Point defect concentration and annealing
6.5 Clustered vacancy defects (dislocation loops, tetrahedra, voids)
6.6 Irradiation and voiding
6.7 Stability of defects
6.8 Nuclear irradiation effects
Further reading
Chapter 7. Diffusion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diffusion laws
7.3 Temperature dependence of diffusion
7.4 Other diffusion situations
7.5 Microscopic aspects of diffusion
7.6 Rapid diffusion paths
7.7 Anelasticity and internal friction
Further reading
Chapter 8. Physical Properties
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Density
8.3 Thermal properties
8.4 Order–disorder and properties
8.5 Electrical properties
8.6 Magnetic properties
Further reading
Chapter 9. Plastic Deformation and Dislocation Behaviour
9.1 Mechanical testing procedures
9.2 Elastic deformation
9.3 Plastic deformation
9.4 Dislocation behaviour during plastic deformation
9.5 Mechanical twinning
9.6 Atomistic modelling of mechanical behaviour
Further reading
Chapter 10. Surfaces, Grain Boundaries and Interfaces
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Coherency and incoherency
10.3 Surface energy
10.4 Measurement of surface energy
10.5 Anisotropy of surface energy
10.6 Grain boundaries and interfaces
10.7 Development of preferred orientation
10.8 Deformation textures
10.9 Texture hardening
10.10 Influence of grain boundaries on plasticity
10.11 Superplasticity
10.12 Very small grain size
Further reading
Chapter 11. Work Hardening and Annealing
11.1 Theoretical treatment – Taylor model
11.2 Work hardening of single crystals
11.3 Work hardening in polycrystals
11.4 Dispersion-hardened alloys
11.5 Work hardening in ordered alloys
11.6 Annealing
11.7 Recrystallization textures
Further reading
Chapter 12. Steel Transformations
12.1 Iron–carbon system
12.2 Basic heat treatment operations
12.3 Time–temperature transformation diagrams
12.4 Austenite–pearlite transformation
12.5 Austenite–martensite transformation
12.6 Austenite–bainite transformation
12.7 Tempering of martensite
12.8 Secondary hardening
12.9 Continuous cooling transformation diagrams
12.10 Thermo-mechanical treatments
12.11 Thermoelastic martensite
Further reading
Chapter 13. Precipitation Hardening
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution
13.3 Precipitation hardening of Al–Ag alloys
13.4 Mechanisms of precipitation hardening
13.5 Hardening mechanisms in Al–Cu alloys
13.6 Vacancies and precipitation
13.7 Duplex ageing
13.8 Particle coarsening
13.9 Spinodal decomposition
Further reading
Chapter 14. Selected Alloys
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Commercial steels
14.3 Cast irons
14.4 Superalloys
14.5 Titanium alloys
14.6 Structural intermetallic compounds
14.7 Aluminium alloys
14.8 Copper and copper alloys
Further reading
Chapter 15. Creep, Fatigue and Fracture
15.1 Creep
15.2 Metallic fatigue
15.3 Voiding and fracture
15.4 Fracture and toughness
15.5 Ductile–brittle transition
15.6 Factors affecting brittleness of steels
15.7 Hydrogen embrittlement of steels
15.8 Intergranular fracture
15.9 Fracture mechanism maps
15.10 Crack growth under fatigue conditions
Further reading
Chapter 16. Oxidation, Corrosion and Surface Engineering
16.1 Surfaces and environment
16.2 Oxidation
16.3 Aqueous corrosion
16.4 Surface engineering
16.5 Thermal barrier coatings
16.6 Diamond-like carbon
16.7 Duplex surface engineering
Further reading
Numerical Answers to Problems
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Appendix 1
SI units
Appendix 2
Conversion factors, constants and physical data
Appendix 3
Electron quantum numbers
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Electron tunnelling
Index
