Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction to Ecosystem Science
What is an Ecosystem?
What are the Properties of Ecosystems?
Why Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?
How Do Ecosystem Scientists Learn about Ecosystems?
From There to Here: A Short History of the Ecosystem Concept in Theory and Practice
References
Section II. Ecological Energetics
Introduction
Units used in Studies of Ecological Energetics
Chapter 2. Primary Production: The Foundation of Ecosystems
Introduction
Components of Primary Production
Measuring Primary Production
Regulation of Primary Production
Rates and Patterns of Primary Production
Fates of Primary Production
A Tale of Scale
Summary
References
References for Table 2.1
Chapter 3. Secondary Production and Consumer Energetics
Introduction
Consumer Energetics
Secondary Production
Definition of Secondary Production
Methods to Estimate Secondary Production
Controls and Prediction of Secondary Production
Production of an Individual Species of Consumer
Production of a Guild of Consumers
Production of the Entire Community of Consumers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Organic Matter Decomposition
Introduction
Decomposition of Plant-Derived Particulate Matter
Organisms Responsible for Decomposition
Controls on Decomposition
Interactions with Other Element Cycles
Summary
References
Chapter 5. Element Cycling
What is an Element Cycle?
The Importance of Chemical Properties
Move, Stick, and Change: A Simple Framework for Elemental Cycling
What Kinds of Questions are Associated with Element Cycles?
Some Characteristics Important for Understanding an Element’s Role in Ecosystems
References
Chapter 6. The Carbon Cycle: With a Brief Introduction to Global Biogeochemistry
Why Study the Carbon Cycle?
Biogeochemistry of Carbon
The Carbon Atom and Its Chemistry
The Present-Day Global Carbon Cycle and the Greenhouse Effect
The Holocene PreIndustrial Global Carbon Budget
The Carbon Cycle in Selected Ecosystems
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7. The Nitrogen Cycle
Introduction
The Global Picture
Nitrogen Cycle Processes
Nitrogen Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Nitrogen Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems
Nitrogen Balances: The Enigma of Missing Nitrogen
References
Chapter 8. The Phosphorus Cycle
Introduction
Background
The Importance of Phosphorus in Terrestrial Ecosystems
The Importance of Phosphorus in Agricultural Ecosystems
The Importance of Phosphorus in Aquatic Ecosystems
The Global Phosphorus Cycle
Human Alteration of the Global Phosphorus Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle at the Watershed Scale
The Phosphorus Cycle at the Local Scale
Managing Human Interaction with the Phosphorus Cycle
Summary
References
Section IV. Synthesis
Chapter 9. Revisiting the Ecosystem Concept: Important Features That Promote Generality and Understanding
Introduction
Budgets and Boundaries
Inclusiveness and Flexibility
Generality and Prediction
References
Chapter 10. Ecosystems in a Heterogeneous World
Introduction
The Nature of Heterogeneity
Toward A Framework for Space and Time Heterogeneity
Internal and External Heterogeneity
First Principles for Assessing Heterogeneity
Conclusions: Ecosystems in Time and Space
References
Chapter 11. Controls on Ecosystem Structure and Function
What Do We Mean by “Control”?
Why Do We Care about Controls on Ecosystems?
How Are Ecosystems Controlled?
Complications
References
Section V. Case Studies
Chapter 12. From Global Environmental Change to Sustainability Science: Ecosystem Studies in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico
The Yaqui Valley Case Study
Lessons from the Yaqui Valley Ecosystems Study
References
Chapter 13. Ecology of Lyme Disease
Discovery
It’s the Deer
References
Chapter 14. Understanding Ecosystem Effects of Dams
References
Chapter 15. Acid Rain
References
Chapter 16. Streams and Their Valleys
References
Chapter 17. Frontiers in Ecosystem Science
Introduction
Pressures and Pace of Environmental Change
Conceptual Advances
Technological Advances
The Changing Culture of Science
Conclusion
References
Appendix. A Primer on Biologically Mediated Redox Reactions in Ecosystems
References
Glossary
Index
