Key Features
- The comprehensive and influential guide to the selection and design of a wide range of chemical process equipment, used by engineers globally; Copious examples of successful applications, with supporting schematics and data to illustrate the functioning and performance of equipment
- Revised edition, new material includes updated equipment cost data, liquid-solid and solid systems, and the latest information on membrane separation technology
- Provides equipment rating forms and manufacturers’ data, worked examples, valuable shortcut methods, rules of thumb, and equipment rating forms to demonstrate and support the design process
- Heavily illustrated with many line drawings and schematics to aid understanding, graphs and tables to illustrate performance data
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 0 RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Process Design1.2. Equipment1.3. Categories of Engineering Practice1.4. Sources of Information for Process Design1.5. Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices1.6. Material and Energy Balances1.7. Economic Balance1.8. Design Safety Factors1.9. Safety of Plant and Environment1.10. Steam and Power Supply1.11. Design Basis1.12. Laboratory and Pilot Plant WorkReferences
CHAPTER 2 FLOWSHEETS
2.1. Block Flowsheets2.2. Process Flowsheets2.3. Process and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID)2.4. Utility Flowsheets2.5. Drawing of FlowsheetsReferences
CHAPTER 3 PROCESS CONTROL
3.1. The Feedback Control Loop3.2. Control Loop Performance and Tuning Procedures3.3. Single Stream Control3.4. Unit Operation ControlReferences
CHAPTER 4 DRIVERS FOR MOVING EQUIPMENT
4.1. Motors4.2. Steam Turbines and Gas Expanders4.3. Combustion Gas Turbines and EnginesReferences
CHAPTER 5 TRANSFER OF SOLIDS
5.1. Slurry Transport5.2. Pneumatic Conveying5.3. Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators5.4. Chutes5.5. Solids FeedersReferences
CHAPTER 6 FLOW OF FLUIDS
6.1. Properties and Units6.2. Energy Balance of a Flowing Fluid6.3. Liquids6.4. Pipeline Networks6.5. Optimum Pipe Diameter6.6. Non-Newtonian Fluids6.7. Gases6.8. Liquid-Gas Flow in Pipelines6.9. Granular and Packed Beds6.10. Gas-Solid Transfer6.11. Fluidization of Beds of Particles with GasesReferences
CHAPTER 7 FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
7.1. Piping7.2. Pump Theory7.3. Pump Characteristics7.4. Criteria for Selection of Pumps7.5. Equipment for Gas Transport7.6. Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression7.7. Ejector and Vacuum SystemsReferences
CHAPTER 8 HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS 159
8.1. Conduction of Heat8.2. Mean Temperature Difference8.3. Heat Transfer Coefficients8.4. Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients8.5. Pressure Drop in Heat Exchangers8.6. Types of Heat Exchangers8.7. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers8.8. Condensers8.9. Reboilers8.10. Evaporators8.11. Fired Heaters8.12. Insulation of Equipment8.13. RefrigerationReferences
CHAPTER 9 DRYERS AND COOLING TOWERS
9.1. Interaction of Air and Water9.2. Rate of Drying9.3. Classification and General Characteristics of Dryers9.4. Batch Dryers9.5. Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers9.6. Rotary Cylindrical Dryers9.7. Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries9.8. Pneumatic Conveying Dryers9.9. Flash and Ring Dryers9.10. Fluidized Bed Dryers9.11. Spray Dryers9.12. Cooling TowersReferences
CHAPTER 10 MIXING AND AGITATION
10.1. A Basic Stirred Tank Design10.2. Vessel Flow Patterns10.3. Agitator Power Requirements10.4. Impeller Pumping10.5. Tank Blending10.6. Heat Transfer10.7. Vortex Depth10.8. Solid Suspension10.9. Solids Dissolving10.10. Gas-Liquid Dispersions10.11. Liquid-Liquid (L-L) Dispersions10.12. Pipeline Mixers10.13. Compartmented Columns10.14. Fast Competitive/Consecutive (C/C) Reactions10.15. Scale-UpNomenclatureReferences
CHAPTER 11 SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION
11.1. Processes and Equipment11.2. Liquid-Particle Characteristics11.3. Theory of Filtration11.4. Resistance to Filtration11.5. Thickening and Clarifying11.6. Laboratory Testing and Scale-Up11.7. Illustrations of Equipment11.8. Applications and Performance of EquipmentReferences
CHAPTER 12 DISINTEGRATION, AGGLOMERATION, AND SIZE SEPARATION OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS
12.1. Screening12.2. Commercial Classification with Streams of Air or Water12.3. Size Reduction12.4. Equipment for Size Reduction12.5. Particle Size Enlargement (Agglomeration)References
CHAPTER 13 DISTILLATION AND GAS ABSORPTION
13.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria13.2. Single-Stage Flash Calculations13.3. Evaporation or Simple Distillation13.4. Binary Distillation13.5. Batch Distillation13.6. Multicomponent Separation: General Considerations13.7. Estimation of Reflux and Number of Trays (Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method)13.8. Absorption Factor Shortcut Method of Edmister13.9. Separations in Packed Towers13.10. Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent Separations13.11. Special Kinds of Distillation Processes13.12. Tray Towers13.13. Packed Towers13.14. Efficiencies of Trays and PackingsReferences
CHAPTER 14 EXTRACTION AND LEACHING
14.1. Introduction14.2. Equilibrium Relations14.3. Calculation of Stage Requirements14.4. Countercurrent Operation14.5. Leaching of Solids14.6. Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent Extraction14.7. Equipment for Extraction14.8. Pilot TestingReferences
CHAPTER 15 ADSORPTION AND ION EXCHANGE
15.1. Adsorption Equilibria15.2. Ion Exchange Equilibria15.3. Adsorption Behavior in Packed Beds15.4. Gas Adsorption Cycles15.5. Adsorption Design and Operating Practices15.6. Parametric Pumping15.7. Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices15.8. Production Scale Chromatography15.9. Equipment and ProcessesReferences
CHAPTER 16 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTIONS AND MELTS
16.1. Some General Crystallization Concepts16.2. Importance of the Solubility Curve in Crystallizer Design16.3. Solubilities and Equilibria16.4. Crystal Size Distribution16.5. The Process of Crystallization16.6. The Ideal Stirred Tank16.7. Kinds of Crystallizers16.8. Melt Crystallization and PurificationReferences
CHAPTER 17 CHEMICAL REACTORS
17.1. Design Basis and Space Velocity17.2. Rate Equations and Operating Modes17.3. Material and Energy Balances of Reactors17.4. Nonideal Flow Patterns17.5. Selection of Catalysts17.6. Types and Examples of Reactors17.7. Heat Transfer in Reactors17.8. Classes of Reaction Processes and Their EquipmentReferences
CHAPTER 18 PROCESS VESSELS
18.1. Drums18.2. Fractionator Reflux Drums18.3. Liquid-Liquid Separators18.4. Gas-Liquid Separators18.5. Storage Tanks18.6. Mechanical Design of Process Vessels18.7. Bins and HoppersReferences
CHAPTER 19 MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS
19.1. Membrane Processes19.2. Liquid-Phase Separations19.3. Gas Permeation19.4. Membrane Materials and Applications19.5. Membrane Cells and Equipment Configurations19.6. Industrial Applications19.7. Subquality Natural Gas19.8. The Enhancement of Separation19.9. Permeability Units19.10. Derivations and Calculations for Single-Stage Membrane SeparationsReferences
CHAPTER 20 GAS-SOLID SEPARATIONS
20.1. Gas-Solid Separations20.2. Foam Separation and Froth Flotation20.3. Sublimation and Freeze Drying20.4. Separations by Thermal Diffusion20.5. Electrochemical Synthesis20.6. Fermentation ProcessingReferences
CHAPTER 21 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT
APPENDIX A UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA
APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION FORMS
APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS
INDEX
