Preface: Variety and Universality
Part 1: Foundations
Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Consumer Text Entry Technologies
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 TYPEWRITER, 1870s TO 1980s
1.3 PERSONAL COMPUTER, 1980s TO PRESENT
1.4 MOBILE PHONES, 1990s TO PRESENT
1.5 HANDHELD COMPUTERS
1.6 CONCLUSIONS
1.7 FURTHER READING
Chapter 2: Language Models for Text Entry
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BASIC MODEL OF TEXT ENTRY
2.3 N-GRAM MODELS
2.4 HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL
2.5 ADAPTIVE MODELS
2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Chapter 3: Measures of Text Entry Performance
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 AGGREGATE MEASURES
3.3 CHARACTER-LEVEL MEASURES
3.4 MEASUREMENTS FROM LOG FILES
3.5 METHOD-SPECIFIC MEASURES
3.6 DISCUSSION OF MEASURES
3.7 FURTHER READING
Chapter 4: Evaluation of Text Entry Techniques
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TEXT ENTRY TECHNIQUES
4.3 EXPERIMENT DESIGN
4.4 LEARNING
4.5 SUMMARY AND FURTHER READING
Part 2: Entry Modalities and Devices
Chapter 5: Text Entry Using a Small Number of Buttons
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD AND ENTRY METHODS
5.3 CHARACTERISTIC MEASURES FOR AMBIGUOUS KEYBOARDS
5.4 MOBILE PHONE KEYPAD VARIANTS
5.5 EVALUATING KEYBOARDS
5.6 ENTRY BY COMPLETION
5.7 SUMMARY AND FURTHER READING
Chapter 6: English Language Handwriting Recognition Interfaces
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 OFFLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION
6.3 ONLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION
6.4 SHORTHAND
6.5 COMMERCIAL ONLINE SYSTEMS
6.6 CASE STUDY
6.7 FURTHER READING
Chapter 7: Introduction to Shape Writing
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF SHAPE WRITING
7.3 INFORMATION AND CONSTRAINTS
7.4 SHAPE-WRITING RECOGNITION
7.5 OUT-OF-LEXICON INPUT, AMBIGUITY, AND ERROR HANDLING
7.6 HUMAN SENSITIVITY TO SHAPE AS AN ENCODING MODALITY AND THE PROGRESSION FROM TRACING TO DIRECT SHAPE WRITING
7.7 EFFICIENCY AND LAYOUT MATTERS
7.8 THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS AND GUIDELINES OF EFFICIENT TEXT ENTRY
7.9 FURTHER READING
Chapter 8: Speech-Based Interfaces
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 CATEGORIES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION TASKS
8.3 PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH RECOGNITION
8.4 DICTATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES
8.5 SPOKEN DIALOGUE SYSTEMS AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES
8.6 EVALUATION OF SPEECH-BASED INPUT SYSTEMS
8.7 CONCLUSION
Chapter 9: Text Entry by Gaze: Utilizing Eye Tracking
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TEXT ENTRY BY GAZE
9.3 CASE STUDIES AND GUIDELINES
9.4 FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part 3: Language Variations
Chapter 10: Writing System Variation and Text Entry
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 VARIATION IN WRITING SYSTEMS
10.3 TEXT ENTRY PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT WRITING SYSTEMS
10.4 ALPHABETIC SCRIPTS
10.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
10.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part 4: Accessibility, Universality
Chapter 11: Text Entry in East Asian Languages
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION
11.3 NONPREDICTIVE METHODS
11.4 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON PHONETICS
11.5 PREDICTIVE ENTRY BASED ON SHAPES
11.6 ENTRY ON OTHER DEVICES
11.7 IDEOGRAM ENTRY SYSTEM FOR NONNATIVES
11.8 CONCLUSION
Chapter 12: Text Entry in South and Southeast Asian Scripts
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABUGIDA
12.3 TEXT ENTRY ISSUES
12.4 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN INDIA
12.5 TEXT ENTRY SYSTEMS IN THAILAND
12.6 CONCLUSION
12.7 FURTHER READING
Chapter 13: Text Entry in Hebrew and Arabic Scripts
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 ARABIC AND HEBREW SCRIPTS
13.3 STANDARD ENTRY
13.4 ENTRY ON MOBILE DEVICES
13.5 TOWARD COMPUTER-AIDED ENTRY
13.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
13.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 14: Text Input for the Elderly and the Young
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 OVERVIEW OF AGE EFFECTS
14.3 TEXT INPUT FOR THE ELDERLY
14.4 TEXT INPUT FOR CHILDREN
14.5 CASE STUDY—EVALUATING TEXT INPUT WITH CHILDREN
14.6 FURTHER READING
Chapter 15: Text Entry When Movement is Impaired
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 USING KEYBOARDS
15.3 ASSISTIVE INPUT TECHNIQUES
15.4 ALTERNATIVES TO STANDARD KEYBOARDS
15.5 AAC TEXT INPUT
15.6 CASE STUDY: DISAMBIGUATION
15.7 FURTHER READING
Chapter 16: Text Entry for People with Visual Impairments
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 TEXT ENTRY FOR LATIN ALPHABETS
16.3 TEXT ENTRY FOR IDEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERS
16.4 SELECTION-BASED TEXT ENTRY INTERFACES
16.5 DESIGN GUIDELINES
16.6 CONCLUSION
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH GROUPS
MAJOR PRODUCTS
Index
About the Authors
