Dedication
Contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1. The Human Growth Curve, Canalization and Catch-Up Growth
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 The Distance Curve of Growth
1.4 The Velocity Growth Curve and Growth Spurts
1.5 Other Patterns of Growth
1.6 Growth Versus Maturity
1.7 The Control of Growth
1.8 Growth Reference Charts
1.9 Canalization
1.10 Catch-Up Growth
1.11 Summary and Conclusions
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 2. Growth in Infancy and Childhood: A Pediatric Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Growth Curve
2.3 Changes in Body Fat and Other Tissues
2.4 Measurements of Clinical Importance
2.5 Some Particular Features of Growth During Infancy and Childhood
2.6 Growth Problems in Infancy and Childhood
2.7 Causes of Short Stature
2.8 Summary
REFERENCES
Internet Resources
Chapter 3. Adolescent Growth
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Adolescent Growth Cycle
3.3 Tempo of Growth
3.4 Growth Modeling and Biological Parameters
3.5 Individual Versus Average Growth
3.6 Sex Differences in Growth
3.7 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Chapter 4. Puberty
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Neuroendocrinology of Puberty
4.3 Upstream Factors Influencing Pubertal Timing
4.4 Downstream Consequences of Pubertal Activation of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
4.5 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 5. Endocrine Control of Growth
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Why Do Animals Grow?
5.3 What Causes Animals to Grow?
5.4 Structure of Insulin-Like Growth Factor
5.5 Targeted Disruption of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Genes
5.6 Growth Hormone Receptor
5.7 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Deficiency
5.8 Therapeutic Implications
5.9 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 6. Nutrition and Growth
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nutrition for Students of Growth
6.3 Nutrition and Growth
6.4 Transitions in Nutrition and Growth
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 7. Genomics, Epigenetics and Growth
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genomic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
7.3 Mutations in Genes
7.4 Association Studies
7.5 Epigenetic Factors that Influence and Regulate Growth
7.6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Internet Resources
Chapter 8. The Genetic Epidemiology of Growth and Development
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Statistical Genetic Terms and Concepts
8.3 Study Designs
8.4 Studies of the Genetics of Growth and Development
8.5 Examples from the Fels Longitudinal Study
8.6 Summary
Glossary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 9. Social and Economic Effects on Growth
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Socioeconomic Influences
9.3 Consequences of Stature
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 10. Environmental Effects on Growth
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Temperature and Climate
10.3 Season
10.4 High-Altitude Hypoxia
10.5 Sleep
10.6 Pollutants
10.7 How Do We Interpret Differences in Growth Related to Environmental Factors?
10.8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 11. The Evolution of Human Growth
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Life History and Stages of the Life Cycle
11.3 Human Life Stages
11.4 Evolution of the Human Life Cycle
11.5 Life-Cycle Trade-Offs and Risks for Children, Adolescents and Postmenopausal Women
11.6 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 12. Early Environments, Developmental Plasticity and Chronic Degenerative Disease
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Evidence and Mechanisms
12.3 Developmental Plasticity as a Means of Adaptation
12.4 Implications of Developmental Programming for Human Health Disparities
12.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 13. Leg Length, Body Proportion, Health and Beauty
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Leg Length Defined
13.3 Practical Methods and Techniques
13.4 Evolutionary Background of Human Body Shape
13.5 Size and Shape in Living Humans
13.6 Developmental Plasticity
13.7 Use of Leg Length in Human Biology and Environmental Epidemiology
13.8 Leg Length and Risk for Morbidity and Mortality
13.9 Leg Length and Beauty
13.10 Conclusion
13.11 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 14. Physical Activity as a Factor in Growth and Maturation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
14.3 Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity
14.4 Physical Activity, Height, Weight and Body Composition
14.5 Physical Activity and Biological Maturation
14.6 Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
14.7 Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Risk
14.8 Training for Sport and the Growth and Maturation of Young Athletes
14.9 Overview
14.10 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Chapter 15. Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Brain Growth
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Comparative Perspectives on Brain Size and Metabolism
15.3 Human Brain Growth: Patterns and Metabolic Consequences
15.4 Brain Growth and Body Composition
15.5 Summary
Glossary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 16. Saltation and Stasis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Saltation and Stasis: How Children Grow
16.3 Generation of the Saltation and Stasis Hypothesis
16.4 Methods: How the Growth Process is Identified
16.5 The Biology of Saltatory Growth: Mechanisms and Hypothesis Testing
16.6 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 17. Lectures on Human Growth
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Endocrinology of Growth
17.3 The Growth Hormone–Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Axis and Its Association With Fetal Growth
17.4 Endocrinology of Prepubertal Growth
17.5 Endocrinology of Puberty
17.6 Short Stature
17.7 Conclusion
Further Reading
Chapter 18. Body Composition During Growth and Development
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Concepts
18.3 Methods
18.4 Body Composition and Growth
18.5 Body Composition in Health and Disease
18.6 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 19. The Measurement of Human Growth
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Context of Measurement: Screening, Surveillance and Monitoring
19.3 Accuracy, Precision, Reliability and Validity
19.4 Frequency of Measurement
19.5 Measurements
19.6 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 20. Assessment of Maturation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Initial Considerations
20.3 Methods of Assessment
20.4 Summary
REFERENCES
Suggested Reading
Internet Resources
Chapter 21. Growth References and Standards
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Defining the Reference Population
21.3 Drawing the Sample
21.4 Collecting the Data
21.5 Cleaning the Data
21.6 Estimating Distance Centiles
21.7 Variants of the Distance Chart
21.8 Interpreting the Curves
21.9 Charting Velocity
21.10 Conditional References
21.11 Designing and Printing the Chart
21.12 When to Replace
21.13 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Internet Resources
Color Plates
Index
