Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Dynamic Meteorology

1.2 Conservation of Momentum

1.3 Noninertial Reference Frames and “Apparent” Forces

1.4 Structure of the Static Atmosphere

1.5 Kinematics

1.6 Scale Analysis

Suggested References

Chapter 2. Basic Conservation Laws

2.1 Total Differentiation

2.2 The Vectorial Form of the Momentum Equation in Rotating Coordinates

2.3 Component Equations in Spherical Coordinates

2.4 Scale Analysis of the Equations of Motion

2.5 The Continuity Equation

2.6 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation

2.7 Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere

2.8 The Boussinesq Approximation

2.9 Thermodynamics of the Moist Atmosphere

Suggested References

Chapter 3. Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations

3.1 Basic Equations in Isobaric Coordinates

3.2 Balanced Flow

3.3 Trajectories and Streamlines

3.4 The Thermal Wind

3.5 Vertical Motion

3.6 Surface Pressure Tendency

Chapter 4. Circulation, Vorticity, and Potential Vorticity

4.1 The Circulation Theorem

4.2 Vorticity

4.3 The Vorticity Equation

4.4 Potential Vorticity

4.5 Shallow Water Equations

4.6 Ertel Potential Vorticity in Isentropic Coordinates

Suggested References

Chapter 5. Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory

5.1 The Perturbation Method

5.2 Properties of Waves

5.3 Simple Wave Types

5.4 Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves

5.5 Linear Waves of A Rotating Stratified Atmosphere

5.6 Adjustment to Geostrophic Balance

5.7 Rossby Waves

Suggested References

Chapter 6. Quasi-geostrophic Analysis

6.1 The Observed Structure of Extratropical Circulations

6.2 Derivation of the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations

6.3 Potential vorticity derivation of the QG equations

6.4 Potential Vorticity Thinking

6.5 Vertical Motion (w) Thinking

6.6 Idealized Model of a Baroclinic Disturbance

6.7 Isobaric Form of the QG Equations

Suggested References

Chapter 7. Baroclinic Development

7.1 Hydrodynamic Instability

7.2 Normal Mode Baroclinic Instability: A Two-Layer Model

7.3 The Energetics of Baroclinic Waves

7.4 Baroclinic Instability of a Continuously Stratified Atmosphere

7.5 Growth and Propagation of Neutral Modes

Suggested References

Chapter 8. The Planetary Boundary Layer

8.1 Atmospheric Turbulence

8.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy

8.3 Planetary Boundary Layer Momentum Equations

8.4 Secondary Circulations and Spin Down

Suggested References

Chapter 9. Mesoscale Circulations

9.1 Energy Sources for Mesoscale Circulations

9.2 Fronts and Frontogenesis

9.3 Symmetric Baroclinic Instability

9.4 Mountain Waves

9.5 Cumulus Convection

9.6 Convective Storms

9.7 Hurricanes

Suggested References

Chapter 10. The General Circulation

10.1 The Nature of the Problem

10.2 The Zonally Averaged Circulation

10.3 The Angular Momentum Budget

10.4 The Lorenz Energy Cycle

10.5 Longitudinally Dependent Time-Averaged Flow

10.6 Low-Frequency Variability

10.7 Numerical Simulation of the General Circulation

10.8 Climate Sensitivity, Feedbacks, and Uncertainty

Suggested References

Chapter 11. Tropical Dynamics

11.1 The Observed Structure of Large-Scale Tropical Circulations

11.2 Scale Analysis of Large-Scale Tropical Motions

11.3 Condensation Heating

11.4 Equatorial Wave Theory

11.5 Steady Forced Equatorial Motions

Suggested References

Chapter 12. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics

12.1 Structure and Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere

12.2 The Zonal-Mean Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere

12.3 Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves

12.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

12.5 Waves in the Equatorial Stratosphere

12.6 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

12.7 Trace Constituent Transport

Suggested References

Chapter 13. Numerical Modeling and Prediction

13.1 Historical Background

13.2 Numerical Approximation of the Equations of Motion

13.3 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation in Finite Differences

13.4 The Spectral Method

13.5 Primitive Equation Models

13.6 Data Assimilation

13.7 Predictability and Ensemble Forecasting

Suggested References

Appendix A: Useful Constants and Parameters

Appendix B: List of Symbols

Appendix C: Vector Analysis

C.1 Vector Identities

C.2 Integral Theorems

C.3 Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems

Appendix D: Moisture Variables

D.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature

D.2 Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate

Appendix E: Standard Atmosphere Data

Appendix F: Symmetric Baroclinic Oscillations

Appendix G: Conditional Probability and Likelihood

Index