Dedication

Preface

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. What Is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance?

1.2. Consequences of Nuclear Spin

1.3. Application of a Magnetic Field to a Nuclear Spin

1.4. Application of a Magnetic Field to an Ensemble of Nuclear Spins

1.5. Tipping the Net Magnetization Vector from Equilibrium

1.6. Signal Detection

1.7. The Chemical Shift

1.8. The 1-D NMR Spectrum

1.9. The 2-D NMR Spectrum

1.10. Information Content Available Using NMR Spectroscopy

Chapter 2. Instrumental Considerations

2.1. Sample Preparation

2.2. Locking

2.3. Shimming

2.4. Temperature Regulation

2.5. Modern NMR Instrument Architecture

2.6. Pulse Calibration

2.7. Sample Excitation and the Rotating Frame of Reference

2.8. Pulse Rolloff

2.9. Probe Variations

2.10. Analog Signal Detection

2.11. Signal Digitization

Chapter 3. Data Collection, Processing, and Plotting

3.1. Setting the Spectral Window

3.2. Determining the Optimal Wait (Delay) Between Scans

3.3. Setting the Acquisition Time

3.4. How Many Points to Acquire in a 1-D Spectrum

3.5. Zero Filling and Digital Resolution

3.6. Setting the Number of Points to Acquire in a 2-D Spectrum

3.7. Truncation Error and Apodization

3.8. The Relationship Between T2* and Observed Line Width

3.9. Resolution Enhancement

3.10. Forward Linear Prediction

3.11. Pulse Ringdown and Backward Linear Prediction

3.12. Phase Correction

3.13. Baseline Correction

3.14. Integration

3.15. Measurement of Chemical Shifts and J-Couplings

3.16. Data Representation

Chapter 4. 1H and 13C Chemical Shifts

4.1. The Nature of the Chemical Shift

4.2. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

4.3. Saturated, Cyclic Hydrocarbons

4.4. Olefinic Hydrocarbons

4.5. Acetylenic Hydrocarbons

4.6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

4.7. Heteroatom Effects

Chapter 5. Symmetry and Topicity

5.1. Homotopicity

5.2. Enantiotopicity

5.3. Diastereotopicity

5.4. Chemical Equivalence

5.5. Magnetic Equivalence

Chapter 6. Through-Bond Effects

6.1. Origin of J-Coupling

6.2. Skewing of the Intensity of Multiplets

6.3. Prediction of First-Order Multiplets

6.4. The Karplus Relationship for Spins Separated by Three Bonds

6.5. The Karplus Relationship for Spins Separated by Two Bonds

6.6. Long Range J-Coupling

6.7. Decoupling Methods

6.8. One-Dimensional Experiments Utilizing J-Couplings

6.9. Two-Dimensional Experiments Utilizing J-Couplings

Chapter 7. Through-Space Effects

7.1. The Dipolar Relaxation Pathway

7.2. The Energetics of an Isolated Heteronuclear Two-Spin System

7.3. The Spectral Density Function

7.4. Decoupling One of the Spins in a Heteronuclear Two-Spin System

7.5. Rapid Relaxation via the Double Quantum Pathway

7.6. A One-Dimensional Experiment Utilizing the NOE

7.7. Two-Dimensional Experiments Utilizing the NOE

Chapter 8. Molecular Dynamics

8.1. Relaxation

8.2. Rapid Chemical Exchange

8.3. Slow Chemical Exchange

8.4. Intermediate Chemical Exchange

8.5. Two-Dimensional Experiments that Show Exchange

Chapter 9. Strategies for Assigning Resonances to Atoms within a Molecule

9.1. Prediction of Chemical Shifts

9.2. Prediction of Integrals and Intensities

9.3. Prediction of 1H Multiplets

9.4. Good Bookkeeping Practices

9.5. Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of Chemical Shifts

9.6. Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of Multiplicities

9.7. Assigning 1H Resonances on the Basis of the gCOSY Spectrum

9.8. The Best Way to Read a gCOSY Spectrum

9.9. Assigning 13C Resonances on the Basis of Chemical Shifts

9.10. Pairing 1H and 13C Shifts by Using the HSQC/HMQC Spectrum

9.11. Assignment of Nonprotonated 13C's on the Basis of the HMBC Spectrum

Chapter 10. Strategies for Elucidating Unknown Molecular Structures

10.1. Initial Inspection of the One-Dimensional Spectra

10.2. Good Accounting Practices

10.3. Identification of Entry Points

10.4. Completion of Assignments

Chapter 11. Simple Assignment Problems

Problem 11.1. 2-Acetylbutyrolactone in CDCl3 (Sample 26)

Problem 11.2. a-Terpinene in CDCl3 (Sample 28)

Problem 11.3. (1R)-endo-(+)-Fenchyl Alcohol in CDCl3 (Sample 30)

Problem 11.4. (-)-Bornyl Acetate in CDCl3 (Sample 31)

Problem 11.5. N-Acetylhomocysteine Thiolactone in CDCl3 (Sample 35)

Problem 11.6. Guaiazulene in CDCl3 (Sample 52)

Problem 11.7. 2-Hydroxy-3-pinanone in CDCl3 (Sample 76)

Problem 11.8. (R)-(+)-Perillyl Alcohol in CDCl3 (Sample 81)

Problem 11.9. 7-Methoxy-4-methylcoumarin in CDCl3 (Sample 90)

Problem 11.10. Sucrose in D2O (Sample 21)

Chapter 12. Complex Assignment Problems

Problem 12.1. Longifolene in CDCl3 (Sample 48)

Problem 12.2. (+)-Limonene in CDCl3 (Sample 49)

Problem 12.3. L-Cinchonidine in CDCl3 (Sample 53)

Problem 12.4. (3aR)-(+)-Sclareolide in CDCl3 (Sample 54)

Problem 12.5. (-)-Epicatechin in Acetone-d6 (Sample 55)

Problem 12.6. (-)-Eburnamonine in CDCl3 (Sample 71)

Problem 12.7. trans-Myrtanol in CDCl3 (Sample 72/78)

Problem 12.8. cis-Myrtanol in CDCl3 (Sample 73/77)

Problem 12.9. Naringenin in Acetone-d6 (Sample 89)

Problem 12.10. (-)-Ambroxide in CDCl3 (Sample Ambroxide)

Chapter 13. Simple Unknown Problems

Problem 13.1. Unknown 13.1 in CDCl3 (Sample 20)

Problem 13.2. Unknown 13.2 in CDCl3 (Sample 41)

Problem 13.3. Unknown 13.3 in CDCl3 (Sample 22)

Problem 13.4. Unknown 13.4 in CDCl3 (Sample 24)

Problem 13.5. Unknown 13.5 in CDCl3 (Sample 34)

Problem 13.6. Unknown 13.6 in CDCl3 (Sample 36)

Problem 13.7. Unknown 13.7 in CDCl3 (Sample 50)

Problem 13.8. Unknown 13.8 in CDCl3 (Sample 83)

Problem 13.9. Unknown 13.9 in CDCl3 (Sample 82)

Problem 13.10. Unknown 13.10 in CDCl3 (Sample 84)

Chapter 14. Complex Unknown Problems

Problem 14.1. Unknown 14.1 in CDCl3 (Sample 32)

Problem 14.2. Unknown 14.2 in CDCl3 (Sample 33)

Problem 14.3. Unknown 14.3 in CDCl3 (Sample 51)

Problem 14.4. Unknown 14.4 in CDCl3 (Sample 74)

Problem 14.5. Unknown 14.5 in CDCl3 (Sample 75)

Problem 14.6. Unknown 14.6 in CDCl3 (Sample 80)

Problem 14.7. Unknown 14.7 in Acetone-d6 (Sample 86)

Problem 14.8. Unknown 14.8 in CDCl3 (Sample 87)

Problem 14.9. Unknown 14.9 in CDCl3 (Sample 88)

Problem 14.10. Unknown 14.10 in CDCl3 (Sample 72)

Chapter 15. More Assignment Problems

Problem 15.1. a-Cubebene in CDCl3 (Sample 95)

Problem 15.2. (1S*, 4S*, 10S*)-1-Ethyl-4-(hydroxyethyl)quinolizidine in CDCl3 (Sample Courtesy of Shaun Fontaine and Rick Danheiser) (Sample 106)

Problem 15.3. Sinomenine in CDCl3 (Sample 108)

Problem 15.4. Artemisinin in CDCl3 (Sample 109)

Problem 15.5. Vincamine in CDCl3 (Sample 110)

Problem 15.6. Brucine in CDCl3 (Sample 113)

Problem 15.7. Piperine in CDCl3 (Sample 114)

Problem 15.8. Melatonin in DMSO-d6 (Sample 116)

Problem 15.9. Compound 142 in CDCl3 (Sample Courtesy of Jason Cox and Tim Swager) (Sample 142)

Problem 15.10. Compound 119 in CDCl3 (Sample Courtesy of Ryan Moslin and Tim Swager) (Sample 119)

Chapter 16. More Unknown Problems

Problem 16.1. Unknown 16.1 in CDCl3 (Sample 115)

Problem 16.2. Unknown 16.2 in DMSO-d6 (Sample 111)

Problem 16.3. Unknown 16.3 in CDCl3 (Sample 94)

Problem 16.4. Unknown 16.4 in CDCl3 (Sample 104)

Problem 16.5. Unknown 16.5 in DMSO-d6 (Sample 102)

Problem 16.6. Unknown 16.6 in CDCl3 (Sample 97)

Problem 16.7. Unknown 16.7 in CD3OD (Sample 98)

Problem 16.8. Unknown 16.8 in CDCl3 (Sample 99)

Problem 16.9. Unknown 16.9 in CDCl3 (Sample 100)

Problem 16.10. Unknown 16.10 in CDCl3 (Sample 101)

Glossary of Terms

Index