Biotechnology - Edition 2 - By David P. Clark, BA (honors)Christ's College Cambridge, 1973 PhD University of Brsitol (England), 1977 and Nanette J. Pazdernik Elsevier Inspection Copies

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Biotechnology,

Edition 2

By David P. Clark, BA (honors)Christ's College Cambridge, 1973 PhD University of Brsitol (England), 1977 and Nanette J. Pazdernik

Publication Date: 25 Jun 2015

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Biotechnology, Second Edition approaches modern biotechnology from a molecular basis, which has grown out of increasing biochemical understanding of genetics and physiology. Using straightforward, less-technical jargon, Clark and Pazdernik introduce each chapter with basic concepts that develop into more specific and detailed applications. This up-to-date text covers a wide realm of topics including forensics, bioethics, and nanobiotechnology using colorful illustrations and concise applications. In addition, the book integrates recent, relevant primary research articles for each chapter, which are presented on an accompanying website. The articles demonstrate key concepts or applications of the concepts presented in the chapter, which allows the reader to see how the foundational knowledge in this textbook bridges into primary research. This book helps readers understand what molecular biotechnology actually is as a scientific discipline, how research in this area is conducted, and how this technology may impact the future.

Key Features

Up-to-date text focuses on modern biotechnology with a molecular foundation
Includes clear, color illustrations of key topics and concept
Features clearly written without overly technical jargon or complicated examples
Provides a comprehensive supplements package with an easy-to-use study guide, full primary research articles that demonstrate how research is conducted, and instructor-only resources

About the author

By David P. Clark, BA (honors)Christ's College Cambridge, 1973 PhD University of Brsitol (England), 1977, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA and Nanette J. Pazdernik, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Chapter 1. Basics of Biotechnology

Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution
Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids
Packaging of Nucleic Acids
Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology
Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium
Many Bacteria Contain Plasmids
Other Bacteria in Biotechnology
Basic Genetics of Eukaryotic Cells
Yeast and Filamentous Fungi in Biotechnology
Yeast Mating Types and Cell Cycle
Multicellular Organisms as Research Models
Animal Cell Culture in Vitro
Arabidopsis thaliana, a Model Flowering Plant
Viruses Used in Genetics Research
Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures
Summary

Chapter 2. DNA, RNA, and Protein

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Transcription Expresses Genes
Making RNA
Transcription Stop Signals
The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies
Eukaryotic Transcription is More Complex
Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic mRNA is Processed Before Making Protein
Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins
Summary

Chapter 3. Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA Isolation and Purification
Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA
Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids
Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal
Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
General Properties of Cloning Vectors
Specific Types of Cloning Vectors
Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation
Constructing a Library of Genes
Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization
Eukaryotic Expression Libraries
Features of Expression Vectors
Recombineering Increases the Speed of Gene Cloning
Gateway^® Cloning Vectors
Summary

Chapter 4. DNA Synthesis In Vivo and In Vitro

Introduction
Replication of DNA
Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
In Vitro DNA Synthesis
Chemical Synthesis of DNA
Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes
Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses in Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small Amounts of DNA
Modifications of Basic PCR
Reverse Transcriptase PCR
PCR in Genetic Engineering
PCR of DNA can Determine the Sequence of Bases
Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
Summary

Chapter 5. RNA-Based Technologies

Noncoding RNA Plays Many Roles
RNA Coordinates Genomic Integrity in Eukaryotes
RNA Protects Genomes from Invading Viruses
RNA Modulates Transcription
Noncoding RNAs Take Part in RNA Processing
Riboswitches are Controlled by Effector Molecules
RNA Catalyzes Enzyme Reactions
Summary

Chapter 6. Immune Technology

Introduction
Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes
The Great Diversity of Antibodies
Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins
Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use
Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies
Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications
Antibody Engineering
Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs
ELISA Assay
The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool
Visualizing Cell Components using Antibodies
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Immune Memory and Vaccination
Creating a Vaccine
Making Vector Vaccines using Homologous Recombination
Reverse Vaccinology
Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines
DNA Vaccines Bypass the need to Purify Antigens
Edible Vaccines
Summary

Chapter 7. Nanobiotechnology

Introduction
Visualization at the Nanoscale
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles
Nanoparticles and Their Uses
Nanoparticles for Labeling
Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors
Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA
Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms
Nanotubes
Antibacterial Nanocarpets
Detection of Viruses by Nanowires
Ion Channel Nanosensors
Nanoengineering of DNA
DNA Origami
DNA Mechanical Nanodevices
Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles
Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA
Biomolecular Motors
Summary

Chapter 8. Genomics and Gene Expression

Introduction
Genetic Mapping Techniques
Gaps Remain in the Human Genome
Survey of the Human Genome
Noncoding Components of the Human Genome
Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis
Medicine and Genomics
DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time
Genetic Evolution
From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics
Gene Expression and Microarrays
Making DNA Microarrays
Hybridization ON DNA Microarrays
Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays
Monitoring Gene Expression by RNA-Seq
Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes
Epigenetics and Epigenomics
Epigenomics in Higher Organisms
Summary

Chapter 9. Proteomics

Introduction
Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
Western Blotting of Proteins
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures
Digestion of Proteins by Proteases
Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification
Preparing Proteins for Mass Spectroscopy
Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry
Protein Tagging Systems
Phage Display Library Screening
Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System
Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation
Protein Arrays
Metabolomics
Summary

Chapter 10. Recombinant Proteins

Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology
Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria
Insulin and Diabetes
Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin
Translation Expression Vectors
Codon Usage Effects
Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction
Inclusion Bodies and Protein Refolding
Increasing Protein Stability
Improving Protein Secretion
Protein Fusion Expression Vectors
Protein Glycosylation
Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells
Expression of Proteins by Yeast
Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells
Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells
Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells
Comparing Expression Systems
Summary

Chapter 11. Protein Engineering

Introduction
Engineering Disulfide Bonds
Improving Stability In Other Ways
Changing Binding Site Specificity
Structural Scaffolds
Directed Evolution
Recombining Domains
DNA Shuffling
Combinatorial Protein Libraries
Creation of De Novo Proteins
Expanding the Genetic Code
Roles of Non-Natural Amino Acids
Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering
Engineered Binding Proteins
Summary

Chapter 12. Environmental Biotechnology

Introduction
Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics
Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples
Sequence-Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics
Function- or Activity-Based Evaluation of The Environment
Ecology and Metagenomics
Natural Attenuation of Pollutants
Biofuels and Bioenergy
Microbial Fuel Cells
Summary

Chapter 13. Synthetic Biology

Introduction
Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering
Degradation of Starch
Degradation of Cellulose
Second-Generation Biofuels
Biodiesel
Ice-Forming Bacteria and Frost
Biorefining of Fossil Fuels
Biosynthesis of ß-Lactam Antibiotics
Biosynthetic Plastics are Also Biodegradable
The Integrated Circuits Approach
Synthetic Genetic Materials: xDNA And XNA
Designer Bacteria
Summary

Chapter 14. From Cell Phones to Cyborgs

Introduction
Cell Phones
Robotics
Radio-Controlled Genes
Insect Cyborgs
Soft Robotics
Summary

Chapter 15. Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology

Introduction
History of Plant Breeding
Plant Tissue Culture
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Biotechnology Improves Crops
Resistance: Nature Responds to Transgenic Plants
Functional Genomics in Plants
Summary

Chapter 16. Transgenic Animals

New and Improved Animals
Creating Transgenic Animals
Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology
Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock
Knockout Mice for Medical Research
Alternative Ways to Make Transgenic Animals
Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene
Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression
Gene Control by Site-Specific Recombination
Transgenic Insects
Practical Transgenic Animals
Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics
Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion
Summary

Chapter 17. Inherited Defects and Gene Therapy

Introduction
Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms
Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes
Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency
Dominant Mutations may be Positive or Negative
Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations
Defects in Imprinting and Methylation
Mitochondrial Defects
Identification of Defective Genes
Genetic Screening and Counseling
General Principles of Gene Therapy
Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy
Retrovirus Gene Therapy
Retrovirus Gene Therapy for Scid
Adeno-Associated Virus
Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy
Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy
Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer
Using RNA in Therapy
Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides
Aptamers—Blocking Proteins with DNA or RNA
Ribozymes in Gene Therapy
RNA Interference in Gene Therapy
Gene Editing with Nucleases
Genome Editing with Engineered Nucleases
Genome Editing with CRISPR Nucleases
Summary

Chapter 18. Cloning and Stem Cells

Introduction
What is a Stem Cell?
Identifying Adult Stem Cells
The Key Features of a Stem Cell Niche
Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow
Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Stem Cell Therapy
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Dolly the Cloned Sheep
Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals
Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering
Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals
Summary

Chapter 19. Cancer

Cancer is Genetic in Origin
Environmental Factors and Cancer
Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle
Cellular Communication
Receptors and Signal Transmission
Cell Division Responds to External Signals
Genes that Affect Cancer
Oncogenes and Proto-Oncogenes
Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation
Types of Mutations that Generate Oncogenes
The RAS Oncogene—Hyperactive Protein
The MYC Oncogene—Overproduction of Protein
Tumor-Suppressor Genes or Anti-Oncogenes
The p16, p21, and p53 Anti-Oncogenes
Formation of a Tumor
Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer
Cancer-Causing Viruses
Engineered Cancer-Killing Viruses
Cancer Genomics
Cancer Epigenomics
Micro RNA Regulation and Cancer
Anticancer Agents
Summary

Chapter 20. Aging and Apoptosis

Introduction
Genetic Phenomena Associated with Aging
Cellular Dysfunction and Aging
Cellular Senescence
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade
Mammalian Apoptosis
Caspases
Execution Phase of Apoptosis
Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis
Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development
Necroptosis
Metabolic Control of Cell Death
Cancer, Aging, and Programmed Cell Death
Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria
Summary

Chapter 21. Viral and Prion Infections

Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents
Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response
Antiviral Therapy using RNA Interference
Influenza is a Negative-Strand Rna Virus
The AIDS Retrovirus
Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-Receptors for Hiv
Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus
Infectious Prion Disease
Detection of Pathogenic Prions
Approaches to Treating Prion Disease
Prions in Yeast
Using Yeast Prions as Models
Amyloid Proteins in Neurological Diseases
Summary

Chapter 22. Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism

Introduction
The Natural History of Biological Warfare
Microbes Versus Man: The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
A Brief History of Human Biological Warfare
Identifying Suitable Biological Warfare Agents
A Closer Look at Select Biological Warfare Agents
Enhancing Biological Warfare Agents with Biotechnology
Detection of Biological Warfare Agents
Summary

Chapter 23. Forensic Molecular Biology

The Genetic Basis of Identity
Blood, Sweat, and Tears
Forensic DNA Testing
DNA Fingerprinting
Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting
Probability and DNA Testing
The Use of DNA Evidence
DNA is Also Used to Identify Animals
Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome
Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family
Gene Doping and Athletics
Genomics Drives Advances in Forensics
Summary

Chapter 24. Bioethics in Biotechnology

Introduction
Principles of Bioethics
Use of the Precautionary Principle
The Power of Information
Possible Dangers to Health from Biotechnology
Genetically Modified Organisms
Human Enhancement, Cloning, and Engineering
Ethics Changes over Time
Summary

ISBN: 9780123850157

Page Count: 850

Retail Price : £97.99

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