Chapter 1. Introduction

• A Critical Overview of Measurement Theory
• Shape and Size
• Methods of Data Analysis
• Biological and Statistical Hypotheses
• Organization of the Book
• Software and Other Resources
• References

Part 1: Basics of Shape Data

Chapter 2. Landmarks and Semilandmarks

• Criteria for Choosing Landmarks
• Bookstein’s Typology of Landmarks
• Examples: Applying Ideals to Actual Cases
• Designing Your Own Measurement Scheme
• References

Chapter 3. Simple Size and Shape Variables: Shape Coordinates

• Shape Coordinates
• Size
• Statistics of Shape Coordinates
• Procrustes Superimposition
• Procrustes Superimposition in Three-Dimensions
• Semilandmark Sliding
• Resistant-Fit Superimposition
• References

Chapter 4. Theory of Shape

• The Definition of Shape
• Morphometric Spaces
• Pre-Shape Space
• Shape Spaces
• The Spaces of Three-Dimensional Configurations
• A Numerical Example for the Simplest Case
• Tangent Spaces
• Summary
• References

Chapter 5. The Thin-plate Spline: Visualizing Shape Change as a Deformation

• Modeling Shape Change as a Deformation
• The Physical Metaphor
• An Intuitive Introduction to Partial Warps
• An Algebraic Introduction to Partial Warps
• Decomposing the Deformation of Three-Dimensional Data
• Using the Thin-Plate Spline to Visualize Shape Change
• Using Bending Energy to Superimpose Semilandmarks
• Appendix
• References

Part 2: Analyzing Shape Variables

Chapter 6. Ordination Methods

• Principal Components Analysis
• Canonical Variates Analysis
• Between Groups Principal Components Analysis
• References

Chapter 7. Partial Least Squares Analysis

• Analyzing Covariances Between Blocks and Significance Testing
• Mathematical Details of Two Block PLS
• Using PLS to Compare Patterns of Covariance Between Blocks Across Groups
• Comparing PLS to Other Methods
• Applications of PLS
• References

Chapter 8. Statistics

• The Correlation Coefficient
• Multivariate Regression
• Distance-Based Methods of Hypothesis Testing
• Comparing Two Means
• One-Way ANOVA/MANOVA
• Extension of the Univariate ANOVA to Multivariate Shape Data
• Appendix: An Overview of Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods
• References

Chapter 9. General Linear Models

• Factors and Experimental Design
• Design Matrices
• The Form of a General Linear Model
• F-tests and Mean Squares
• Generalizing and Extending the Simple Univariate ANOVA
• Models
• Unbalanced Designs and Sums of Squares
• Working with Multivariate Sum of Squares
• Permutation Approaches to General Linear Models
• Models with Multiple Factors
• Models with Covariates
• Models with Multiple Factors and a Covariate
• Analyzing Measurement Error
• Implementing GLM
• References

Part 3: Applications

Chapter 10. Ecological and Evolutionary Morphology

• Incorporating Phylogeny in Comparative Studies
• Evolutionary Allometry
• Form and Function
• Comparing Trajectories
• Magnitude and Structure of Morphological Diversity
• Analyzing the Structure of Disparity
• References

Chapter 11. Evolutionary Developmental Biology(1): The Evolution of Ontogeny

• Why Allometry is Interesting in its Own Right
• Formalisms for the Analysis of Ontogenetic Allometry: Traditional Morphometric Data
• Hypotheses about the Evolution of Ontogenetic Trajectories
• Testing Hypotheses about the Evolution of Ontogeny
• Dissecting the Developmental Basis of Disparity
• Age-Based Comparisons of Growth and Developmental Rates and Timings
• Disparity of Ontogeny
• References

Chapter 12. Evolutionary Developmental Biology (2): Variational Properties

• Phenotypic Plasticity: Quantifying Norms of Reaction
• Canalization: Quantifying Variation
• Developmental Stability: Quantifying Developmental Noise
• Analyzing the Relationship Between Plasticity, Canalization and Developmental Stability
• Predicting the Structure of Covariation: Morphological Integration and Modularity
• References

Chapter 13. Morphometrics and Systematics

• Taxonomic Discrimination
• Finding Characters
• Coding
• Summary
• References

Chapter 14. Forensic Applications of Geometric Morphometrics

• Size and Shape
• What Does it Mean for Shapes to “Match¿?
• Matching Shapes in the Human Dentition
• Sex Estimation in a Forensic Context
• Likelihood Ratios and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• References