Front-matter
Dedications
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Section 1: Basic Bone Biology and Physiology
Chapter 1. Bone Morphology and Organization
The Functions of Bone
Bone is Organized as a Multiscale Material
Bone Composition
The Nanoscale Organization of Bone
The Microstructural Organization of Bone
The Macroscopic Organization of Bone
The Blood Supply and Innervation of Bone
Bone Fluid Compartments
Bone Mass and Bone Quality
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2. Bone Cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3. Local Regulation of Bone Cell Function
Overview of Cytokines and Growth Factors and their Receptors
Local Factors that Regulate Osteoclast and Osteoblast Differentiation and Function
Factors that Regulate Osteoclast Differentiation and Function
Factors that Affect Osteoblast Differentiation and Function
Local Factors that Affect Both Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation and Function Through Cell-Cell Contact
Local Angiogenic Factors that Regulate Bone Cell Activity
Cell Surface Attachment Molecules
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4. Bone Modeling and Remodeling
Skeletal Development
Bone Modeling
Bone Remodeling
Bone Repair
Effects of Modeling and Remodeling on Bone Structure and Material Properties
Laboratory Assessment of Modeling and Remodeling
Suggested Readings
Section 2: Assessment of Bone Structure and Function
Chapter 5. Skeletal Imaging
Radiography
Absorptiometry (Photon and X-Ray)
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Ultrasound
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6. Skeletal Hard Tissue Biomechanics
Introduction to Basic Bone Structure and Function
Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics
Factors Contributing to Whole Bone Mechanical Properties
Suggested Readings
Chapter 7. Techniques in Histomorphometry
Histologic Specimens
Histomorphometric Analysis
Assumptions and Technical Aspects
Histologic Features of Disease and Treatment
Suggested Readings
Chapter 8. Skeletal Genetics: From Gene Identification to Murine Models of Disease
Simple and Complex Traits
Transgenic Technology and the Creation of Novel Research Models
Transgenic Animals and Bone Biology
Suggested Readings
Section 3: Skeletal Adaptation
Chapter 9. Mechanical Adaptation
Wolff’s Law—A Historical Perspective
Components of Strain that May be Osteogenic
Animal Models of Skeletal Mechanotransduction
Rules for Bone Adaptation
The Mechanostat
Cell Sensitivity and Refractory Periods
A Test of Wolff’s Law
Mechanotransduction on a Smaller Scale: Cell Types and their Environment
Fluid Flow in Bone Tissue has Manifold Cellular Effects
Cellular Deformation and Stimulation
What is the Mechanoreceptor?
Coordinating the Biochemical Response to Mechanical Stimulation
Clinical Implications: Reaping the Benefits of Mechanical Loading Effects to Improve Skeletal Health
Important Features of Exercise Regimens Designed to Influence Skeletal Adaptation
Skeletal Benefit of Exercise During Infancy and Childhood
Skeletal Response to Exercise in Adulthood
Suggested Readings
Chapter 10. Fracture Healing
Introduction
Types of Bone Fracture
Primary and Secondary Repair Mechanisms
Stages of Fracture Repair
Assessment of Fracture Healing
Cellular Events of Fracture Repair
Molecular Regulation of Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis During Fracture Repair
Local Regulation of Fracture Repair
Systemic Factors in Fracture Repair
Effects of Osteoporosis Drugs on Fracture Healing
Effects of Mechanical and Electrical Stimulation on Fracture Repair
Suggested Readings
Chapter 11. Craniofacial Biology, Orthodontics, and Implants
Craniofacial Skeleton
Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Suture Expansion
Implants
Suggested Readings
Section 4: Hormonal and Metabolic Effects on Bone
Chapter 12. Skeletal Growth and Development
Prenatal
Childhood
Development of Peak Bone Mass
Regulators of Growth
Catch-Up Growth
Fracture Risk in Children
Suggested Readings
Chapter 13. Calcium and Phosphate: Hormonal Regulation and Metabolism
Interplay Among Organ Systems Regulates Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
Regulation of Whole Body Calcium Metabolism
Hormones Controlling Calcium Metabolism
Regulation of Whole Body Phosphate Metabolism
Suggested Readings
Chapter 14. Nutrition
Macro- and Micronutrient Roles in Bone Health
When and How Nutrients Influence Bone Mass
Perturbing Calcium Metabolism
Whole Diet Matters
Dietary Bioactives and their Mechanisms
Effects of Obesity and Weight Loss on Bone
Correcting Nutrient Deficiencies Versus Optimizing Intakes
Challenges for Studying Nutrient Interventions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 15. Hormonal Effects on Bone Cells
Introduction: Direct Versus Indirect Effects of Hormones on Bone Cells
Parathyroid Hormone
Sex Steroids
Glucocorticoids
Thyroid Hormone
Somatotropin/Growth Hormone
Insulin
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Leptin
Suggested Readings
Section 5: Skeletal Disease and Treatment
Chapter 16. Metabolic Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Nutritional Rickets/Osteomalacia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatasia
Paget Disease of Bone
Osteopetroses
Suggested Readings
Chapter 17. Pharmaceutical Treatments of Osteoporosis
Calcium and Vitamin D
Anticatabolic Therapies
Anabolic Therapy
Combination Treatments
Emerging Therapies
Treatment Decisions
Suggested Readings
Index
