Section I. Background and Basis for the role of lifestyle factors In chronic disease Prevention and Treatment

Chapter 1. Introduction to the Role of Lifestyle Factors in Medicine

• Introduction: What is Lifestyle Medicine?
• The Scope of Lifestyle in Medicine
• Historical Background
• Lifestyle in the Context of Chronic and Acute Disease
• Differences Between Traditional/Conventional and the Model of Lifestyle Medicine
• The Links That Highlight Lifestyle Factors in Medicine
• Who is Best Qualified to Practice Lifestyle Interventions?
• The Evidence Base
• Frameworks for Lifestyle Changes in Medicine
• Summary

Chapter 2. The Epidemiology of Chronic Disease

• Introduction: A (Very) Short History of Disease
• Lifestyle-Related Causes of Disease
• Assessing Risk Factors
• Beyond Single Risk Factors
• Beyond Risk Factors Altogether
• Looking Beyond Immediate Causes of Disease
• Proximal Determinants
• Medial Determinants
• Distal Determinants
• Expanding the Concept of Disease and Intervention
• The Clinician’s Role in Managing Lifestyle-Related Chronic Diseases

Chapter 3. A “Germ Theory¿ Equivalent Approach for Lifestyle Medicine

• Introduction
• Inflammation and Disease
• Metaflammation and “Anthropogens¿
• Chronic Disease and the Germ Theory
• Relevance for Public Health and Lifestyle Medicine
• Managing Anthropogens
• Summary

Chapter 4. A Structure for Lifestyle Medicine

• Introduction: the Field of Lifestyle Medicine
• Developing the Knowledge Base: the Science of Lifestyle-Related Diseases and Conditions
• Summary
• Utilizing Skills: the Art of Lifestyle Medicine
• Expanding the Range of Tools: the Materials for Lifestyle Medicine
• Adopting Procedures: Developing the Actions for Lifestyle Medicine Management
• Summary

Chapter 5. Everything You Wanted to Know About Motivation (But Weren’t Intrinsically Motivated Enough to Ask)

• Introduction: The Requirements for Change
• What Is Motivational Interviewing?
• Why Use Motivational Interviewing Techniques?
• Motivational Goals and Strategies
• Barriers and Triggers to Change
• Motivation at the Public Health Level
• Some Motivational Tactics
• Intrinsic Motivation: The End Game
• Summary

Chapter 6. Self-Management in Lifestyle Medicine

• Introduction: Self-care Versus Self-management
• Components of Self-management
• Self-care is a Necessary But Not Sufficient Component
• Evidence of Effectiveness
• Formats Supporting Self-management
• Lifestyle Medicine and Self-management
• Principles of Self-management
• Being Motivation Focused
• Being Health Literacy Oriented

Chapter 7. Overweight and Obesity: The Epidemic’s Underbelly

• Introduction: Obesity and Ill Health
• Fat Distribution: Not Only if You’re Fat but Where
• Dealing With Obesity
• Is a Calorie Really a Calorie?
• Changing Energy Balance
• Trends in Weight Control Management
• Practical Implications of Physiological Adjustment
• Current Strategies in Weight Loss
• Strategies with good supporting evidence
• Obesity: The “Canary in the Mineshaft¿
• Summary

Section II. Lifestyle and Environmental Determinants of Chronic disease

Chapter 8. Nutrition for the Nondietitian

• Introduction: The Confusion of Nutrition
• The Science of Nutrition
• The Concept of (Energy) Volume
• An Alternative Approach
• Recent Developments in Nutrient Understanding
• Specific Dietary Requirements
• Assessing Food Intake
• Summary

Chapter 9. Fluids, Fitness, and Fatness

• Introduction: Fluids as Energy
• How Much Fluid is Required?
• How Much Energy in Fluid is Recommended?
• Recommended Fluid Intakes
• Suggested Changes in Beverage Intakes
• Alcohol
• Summary

Chapter 10. Behavioral Aspects of Nutrition

• Introduction: Eating as a Behavior
• Hunger and Appetite: Are They the Same?
• Determinants of Energy Intake
• Habits
• Rational Emotive Therapy
• Summary

Chapter 11. Physical Activity: Generic Prescription for Health

• Introduction: Exercise and Evolution
• Defining Terms
• Activity Levels, Mortality, Morbidity, and Well-being
• Types of Fitness: The Five S’s
• Exercises
• Muscle Groups for Stretching
• Progression of Exercise Training
• Purpose, Meaning, and Physical Activity
• The Clinician’s Role
• Summary

Chapter 12. Physical Activity: Specific Prescription for Disease Management and Rehabilitation

• Introduction: Specific Exercise Prescription
• Exercise and Disease Management
• Genetics and Response to Exercise
• Exercise and Diabetes
• Exercise and Heart Disease
• Exercise and Arthritis
• Exercise and Hypertension
• Exercise and Dyslipidemia
• Exercise, Stress Anxiety, and Depression
• Other Conditions
• Summary

Chapter 13. Stress: Its Role in the S-AD Phenomenon

• Introduction: “Stress¿ versus “Strain¿
• What is Stress?
• Genetics, Resilience, and Hardiness
• Stages of Stress/Strain
• The Concepts of Control and Escape
• An Approach to Dealing With Stress: ACE (Analyze, Change, Evaluate)
• Change (Escape)
• Summary

Chapter 14. Dealing With Worry and Anxiety

• Introduction: Anxiety as “Feared Helplessness¿
• Health Effects of Anxiety
• Types of Anxiety Disorders
• The Extent of the Problem
• The Role of Lifestyle
• Diagnosis
• Worry as a Ubiquitous Characteristic of Anxiety
• Management
• Summary

Chapter 15. Depression

• Introduction: Depression as a Way of Life
• What is Depression?
• Depression and Health
• Depressive Disorders
• Risk Factors
• Diagnosis
• Management
• Summary

Chapter 16. Happiness and Mental Health: The Flip Side of S-AD

• Introduction
• Depression and Happiness
• Lifestyle Medicine and Mental Health Promotion
• What is (Good) Mental Health?
• Approaches to Mental Health
• Positive Psychology?
• Lives Led
• Is Positive Psychology the Way for Everybody?
• Mental Health Promotion, Illness Prevention, and Early Intervention
• Health Professional Goals in Applying Act-Belong-Commit in the Clinic
• Summary

Chapter 17. Technology-Induced Pathology: Watch (This) Space

• Introduction: the Good and the Bad of Technology
• The Changing Nature of Health
• Technology’s “Hormetic¿ Effect
• The Future of Researching Technopathology
• Summary

Chapter 18. To Sleep, Perchance to … Get Everything Else Right

• Introduction: The Value of Sleep Research
• The Reasons for Sleep
• How Much Sleep Do We Need?
• Sleep Cycles
• The Concept of Sleep Debt
• Fatigue and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
• Risk Factors Associated With Poor Sleep
• Sleep and Lifestyle Interactions
• What Is Insomnia?
• The Value of Sleep Diaries in Determining Sleep Patterns
• Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Sleep Hygiene
• Summary

Chapter 19. Health and the Environment: Clinical Implications for Lifestyle Medicine

• Introduction: Environmental Influences on Health
• Defining Environments

Chapter 20. Meaninglessness, Alienation, and Loss of Culture/Identity (MAL) as Determinants of Chronic Disease

• Introduction: “MAL¿ in a Lifestyle Context
• The Meaning of Meaninglessness
• Alienation and Estrangement
• Loss of Culture and Identity
• Summary
• The Clinician’s Role

Chapter 21. Preventing and Managing Injury at the Clinical Level

• Introduction: Injury Prevention as Public Health
• The Epidemic of Injury
• Understanding Injury
• Injuries From Falls
• Transportation Injuries
• Drowning
• Poisonings
• Sports Injuries
• Suicide
• Summary

Chapter 22. Rethinking Chronic Pain in a Lifestyle Medicine Context

• Introduction: A Case Study
• Types and Extent of Pain
• Pain: Historical Context
• Rethinking Chronic Pain: The Need for a New Paradigm
• “Plasticity¿ and Chronic Pain
• Plasticity and Person-Centered Care
• Plasticity of Systems
• Practical Therapeutics: Implementing the Principles of Plasticity
• Summary

Chapter 23. Understanding Addictions: Tackling Smoking and Hazardous Drinking

• Introduction: The Different Forms of Addiction
• Why is Addressing Smoking and Drinking so Challenging?
• Client Factors
• Clinician Factors
• Practice Setting
• What Works?
• An Acronym for Treatment: The 5 A’s
• Raising the Issue
• Assessment
• Making Changes
• Pharmacotherapy
• What Stimulates Change?

Chapter 24. Medicines: The Good, The Not So Good, and The Sometimes Overused

• Introduction: Drugs—Good and Bad
• Common Side Effects
• Iatrogenesis and Medicines
• The Problem of Nonadherence
• “Deprescription¿ and Polydrug Use
• What Can the Clinician Do?
• Summary

Chapter 25. Relationships, Social Inequity, and Distal Factors in Lifestyle Medicine: Tackling the Big Determinants

• Introduction: Causality Revisited
• Relationships
• Social Inequality
• Summary

Section III. Other issues for Lifestyle medicine

Chapter 26. Sex and Lifestyle: Not Being Able to Get Enough of a Good Thing Because of a Lifetime of Getting Too Much of a Good Thing

• Introduction
• Prevalence of Sexual Problems
• Causes: General
• Causes: Specific
• Management
• Summary

Chapter 27. Lifestyle and Oral Health

• Introduction: Oral Health
• Lifestyle, Dental Caries, and Tooth Erosion
• Erosive Factors in the Diet
• Protective Factors
• Periodontal Disease and Diabetes
• Sports and Dental Health
• Summary

Chapter 28. Lifestyle and Environmental Influences on Skin

• Introduction: The Skin as an Organ
• Why Skin in Lifestyle Medicine?
• Summary

Chapter 29. Lifestyle-Related Aspects of Gastrointestinal Health

• Introduction: Exposing the Gut
• The Top End: Reflux and Dyspepsia
• The Middle Bit: Irritable Bowel
• The Bottom End: Constipation and Diarrhea
• Exercise: Good and Bad News
• Summary

Section IV. The Future of Health

Chapter 30. The Next Chapter: The Future of Health Care and Lifestyle Interventions

• Introduction
• Health Care Systems and Society at Large Must Focus on Proactive Prevention
• The Quality of Care Case
• The Economic Case
• Embracing Predictive Medicine
• Personalizing Lifestyle Interventions
• Medicine Will Become More Participatory
• Conclusions