Preface
Nomenclature
Greek Symbols
Subscript
Superscript
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Biological Cycle
1.2 Green Chemistry
1.3 Sustainability
1.4 Biorefinery
1.5 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering
1.6 Mathematics, Biology, and Engineering
1.7 The Story of Penicillin: The Dawn of Bioprocess Engineering
1.8 Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints
1.9 The Pillars of Bioprocess Kinetics and Systems Engineering
1.10 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 2. An Overview of Biological Basics
2.1 Cells and Organisms
2.2 Stem Cell
2.3 Cell Chemistry
2.4 Cell Feed
2.5 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 3. An Overview of Chemical Reaction Analysis
3.1 Chemical Species
3.2 Chemical Reactions
3.3 Reaction Rates
3.4 Approximate Reactions
3.5 Rate Coefficients
3.6 Stoichiometry
3.7 Yield and Yield Factor
3.8 Reaction Rates Near Equilibrium
3.9 Energy Regularity
3.10 Classification of Multiple Reactions and Selectivity
3.11 Coupled Reactions
3.12 Reactor Mass Balances
3.13 Reaction Energy Balances
3.14 Reactor Momentum Balance
3.15 Ideal Reactors
3.16 Bioprocess Systems Optimization
3.17 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 4. Batch Reactor
4.1 Isothermal Batch Reactors
4.2 Batch Reactor Sizing
4.3 Non-Isothermal Batch Reactors
4.4 Numerical Solutions of Batch Reactor Problems
4.5 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 5. Ideal Flow Reactors
5.1 Flow Rate, Residence Time, Space Time, Space Velocity, Dilution Rate
5.2 Plug Flow Reactor
5.3 Gasification and Fischer–Tropsch Technology
5.4 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) and Chemostat
5.5 Multiple Reactors
5.6 Recycle Reactors
5.7 Distributed Feed and Withdraw
5.8 PFR or CSTR?
5.9 Steady Nonisothermal Flow Reactors
5.10 Reactive Extraction
5.11 Graphic Solutions using Batch Concentration Data
5.12 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 6. Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics
6.1 Elementary Kinetic Theory
6.2 Collision Theory of Reaction Rates
6.3 Reaction Rate Analysis/Approximation
6.4 Unimolecular Reactions
6.5 Free Radicals
6.6 Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis
6.7 Summary
Reading Materials
Problems
Chapter 7. Parametric Estimation
7.1 Regression Models
7.2 Classification of Regression Models
7.3 Criteria for “Best” Fit and Simple Linear Regressions
7.4 Correlation Coefficient
7.5 Common Abuses of Regression
7.6 General Regression Analysis
7.7 Quality of Fit and Accuracy of Data
7.8 Batch Kinetic Data Interpretation: Differential Regression Model
7.9 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 8. Enzymes
8.1 How Enzymes Work
8.2 Enzyme Kinetics
8.3 Immobilized Enzyme Systems
8.4 Analysis of Bioprocess with Enzymatic Reactions
8.5 Large-Scale Production of Enzymes
8.6 Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes
8.7 Kinetic Approximation: Why Michaelis–Menten Equation Works
8.8 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 9. Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces
9.1 Adsorption and Desorption
9.2 LHHW: Surface Reactions with Rate-Controlling Steps
9.3 Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces based on Distribution of Interaction Energy
9.4 Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces with Multilayer Approximation
9.5 Kinetics of Reactions on Surfaces Where the Solid Is Either a Product or Reactant
9.6 Decline of Surface Activity: Catalyst Deactivation
9.7 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 10. Cell Metabolism
10.1 The Central Dogma
10.2 DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message
10.3 Transcription: Sending the Message
10.4 Translation: Message to Product
10.5 Metabolic Regulation
10.6 How a Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment
10.7 Major Metabolic Pathway
10.8 Overview of Biosynthesis
10.9 Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
10.10 Interrelationships of Metabolic Pathways
10.11 Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism
10.12 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 11. How Cells Grow
11.1 Quantifying Biomass
11.2 Batch Growth Patterns
11.3 Biomass Yield
11.4 Approximate Growth Kinetics and Monod Equation
11.5 Cell Death Rate
11.6 Cell Maintenance and Endogenous Metabolism
11.7 Product Yield
11.8 Oxygen Demand for Aerobic Microorganisms
11.9 Effect of Temperature
11.10 Effect of PH
11.11 Effect of Redox Potential
11.12 Effect of Electrolytes and Substrate Concentration
11.13 Heat Generation by Microbial Growth
11.14 Overview of Microbial Growth Kinetic Models
11.15 Performance Analysis of Batch Culture
11.16 Summary
Reading Materials
Problems
Chapter 12. Continuous Cultivation
12.1 Continuous Culture
12.2 Choosing the Cultivation Method
12.3 Wastewater Treatment Process
12.4 Immobilized Cell Systems
12.5 Solid Substrate Fermentations
12.6 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 13. Fed-Batch Cultivation
13.1 Design Equations
13.2 Ideal Isothermal Fed-Batch Reactors
13.3 Isothermal Pseudo-Steady State Fed-Batch Growth
13.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fed-Batch Operations
13.5 Considerations in Implementing Fed-Batch Operations
13.6 Examples of Fed-Batch Use in Industry
13.7 Parameters to Be Controlled or Monitored During Fed-Batch Operations
13.8 Parameters to Start and Finish the Feed and Stop the Fed-Batch Fermentation
13.9 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 14. Evolution and Genetic Engineering
14.1 Mutations
14.2 Selection
14.3 Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement
14.4 Techniques of Genetic Engineering
14.5 Applications of Genetic Engineering
14.6 The Product and Process Decisions
14.7 Host–Vector System Selection
14.8 Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes
14.9 Metabolic Engineering
14.10 Protein Engineering
14.11 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 15. Sustainability: Humanity Perspective
15.1 What is Sustainability?
15.2 Sustainability of Humanity
15.3 Water
15.4 CO2 and Biomass
15.5 Woody Biomass Use and Desired Sustainable State
15.6 Solar Energy
15.7 Geothermal Energy
15.8 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 16. Sustainability and Stability
16.1 Feed Stability of a CSTR
16.2 Thermal Stability of a CSTR
16.3 Approaching Steady State
16.4 Catalyst Instability
16.5 Genetic Instability
16.6 Mixed Cultures
16.7 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 17. Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems
17.1 Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer Rate
17.2 External Mass Transfer
17.3 Reactions in Isothermal Porous Catalysts
17.4 Mass Transfer Effects in Nonisothermal Porous Particles
17.5 External and Internal Mass Transfer Effects
17.6 Encapsulation Immobilization
17.7 External and Internal Surface Effects
17.8 The Shrinking Core Model
17.9 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 18. Bioreactor Design and Operation
18.1 Bioreactor Selection
18.2 Reactor Operational Mode Selection
18.3 Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer
18.4 Scale-up
18.5 Scale-down
18.6 Bioinstrumentation and Controls
18.7 Sterilization of Process Fluids
18.8 Aseptic Operations and Practical Considerations for Bioreactor System Construction
18.9 Effect of Imperfect Mixing
18.10 Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Index
